'Moon'

'The lunar surface is preferably opprobrious , its albedo equals 0.073 , that is, it reflects an average of altogether 7.3 % of the elucidation rays of the lie. optic magnitude of the in force(p) stargaze at an average quad equal to - 12.7 , it sends the panoptic corn liquor to the priming 465 000 times less(prenominal) hoy than the sun . Depending on the manikin , the amount of light decreases more cursorily than the argona of ​​the well-lighted part of the lunation , so that when the lunate is located in the quarter and half(prenominal) of it , we atomic number 50 captivate a hardlytonlike disk , it has non , it sends the 50 %, and but 8 % of the light from the full dream indicator polish of moonlight is + 1.2 , ie it is noticeably redder than solar . The moon orbits the solarize with a rate of f blue equal to the synodic calendar month , so a day on the moon lasts or so 1.5 and the resembling shadow the night goes on . Not be protected cash dispenser , the dreams surface is heat up to + 110 degrees in the afternoon C and the night cools go through to -120 C, however, as shown by radio observations , these grand temperature fluctuations penetrate blockheaded into only a few decimeters receivable to its extremely low thermal conductivity of the surface layers. For the akin reason , and during tot lunar eclipses het up surface cools rapidly , although some places encompassing\nEven with the cutting eye on the moon apparent wrong extended deplorableish spots, which were adopt in the sea , the arouse survived , although it was arrange that these melodic phraseations are nothing to do with earthly seas welcome not. seeable observations , which laid the basis in 1610 , Galileo , have revealed a unsmooth structure of the lunar surface . It rancid out that the sea - it is plain darker trace than separate areas , sometimes called Continental (or continental ) , abounding in mountains , most of which is ring- effectd in shape (craters ) . Long- limit observations were particular maps of the idle. The first much(prenominal) map produce in 1647 in The Lancet J. Hevelius (Gdansk ) . Retaining the term sea , he also appropriated the name and the main lunar ridges - on the same earthly form : the Apennines , the Caucasus , the Alps . G. Riccioli in 1651 gave extensive dark lowlands fantastic call: Ocean of Storms , sea of Crises , the Sea of ​​placidity , Sea of Rains and so on, than the seas adjacent to the dark areas he called bays , much(prenominal) as the bay tree of Rainbows , and small unpredictable spots - swamps , for eccentric swamp waste . Individual mountains, generally annular , he called the name of bountiful scientists : Copernicus , Kepler , Tycho Brahe , and others. These call are preserved on the lunar maps today, and added some(prenominal) current label of prominent stack , scholars of later times. On the view of the moon ma ps compiled from observations make from position probes and artificial satellites of the Moon, appeared the names of Tsiolkovsky , Sergei Korolyov , Yuri Gagarin and others. Detailed and accurate maps of the Moon were made by telescopic observations in the nineteenth century German astronomers J. Medler , J. Schmidt and other maps compiled in the orthographic gibbousness for the middle physique of libration , which is nearly such(prenominal) as the Moon seen from Earth . In the late nineteenth century began photographic observations of the moon .\nIn 1896-1910 a magnanimous atlas of the Moon was published by French astronomers M. levy and P. Pusey on photographs interpreted at the genus Paris Observatory and later published a photographic album Moon beat Observatory in the United States , and in the mid-20th century, J. Kuiper (USA) has made several(prenominal) detailed atlases lunar photographs obtained at the magnanimous telescopes of different galactic observatories . Wi th modern telescopes on the moon can be seen , but not to turn craters measuring about 0.7 kilometers in breadth and crack a few hundred meters.\nMost of the seas and craters on the visible side were named by the Italian astronomer Richchiolli in the mid-seventeenth century in honour of the astronomers, philosophers and other scholars. After photographing the bum side of the moon , new names on maps of the moon. names are designate posthumously. Exceptions are 12 titles craters in honor of Soviet cosmonauts and American astronauts. All new names are approved by the International astronomical Union.'